ANTI-CORROSION COATING OF MILD STEEL USING TERNARY Zn-ZnO-Y2O3 ELECTRO-DEPOSITON

Mild steel has found many engineering applications due to its great formability, availability, low cost and good mechanical properties among others. However its functionality and durability is subject of concern due to corrosion deterioration. Based on these, Yttria is selected as reinforcing particles using electroplating process to enhance the corrosion and wear behaviors. Bath formulation of Zinc- Yttria was prepared at moderated temperature and pH, to coat the sample. Corrosion and wear behaviour were analyzed using electrochemical potentiostat and abrasive test rig. The composition and microstructure of coated samples were investigated using standard method. The microstructure of the deposited sample obtained at 10 % Yttria, revealed fine-grains deposit of the Yttria on the mild steel surface. The results showed that adding of Yttria particles, improved wear behaviour and corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solution. Microhardness of the coated samples showed increases hardness values before and after heat treatment. This work established that elecrodeposition of mild steel with Yttria is promising in increasing the wear and corrosion resistanc

Additional file 2: of Dynamic substrate preferences predict metabolic properties of a simple microbial consortium

Raw data and fitted curves for levels of each metabolite during isolate growth curves. (PDF 2162 kb

Extensive Turnover of Compatible Solutes in Cyanobacteria Revealed by Deuterium Oxide (D₂O) Stable Isotope Probing

Cyanobacteria are important primary producers of organic matter in diverse environments on a global scale. While mechanisms of CO₂ fixation are well understood, the distribution of the flow of fixed organic carbon within individual cells and complex microbial communities is less well characterized. To obtain a general overview of metabolism, we describe the use of deuterium oxide (D₂O) to measure deuterium incorporation into the intracellular metabolites of two physiologically diverse cyanobacteria: a terrestrial filamentous strain (<i>Microcoleus vaginatus</i> PCC 9802) and a euryhaline unicellular strain (<i>Synechococcus</i> sp. PCC 7002). D₂O was added to the growth medium during different phases of the diel cycle. Incorporation of deuterium into metabolites at nonlabile positions, an indicator of metabolite turnover, was assessed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Expectedly, large differences in turnover among metabolites were observed. Some metabolites, such as fatty acids, did not show significant turnover over 12–24 h time periods but did turn over during longer time periods. Unexpectedly, metabolites commonly regarded to act as compatible solutes, including glutamate, glucosylglycerol, and a dihexose, showed extensive turnover compared to most other metabolites already after 12 h, but only during the light phase in the cycle. The observed extensive turnover is surprising considering the conventional view on compatible solutes as biosynthetic end points given the relatively slow growth and constant osmotic conditions. This suggests the possibility of a metabolic sink for some compatible solutes (e.g., into glycogen) that allows for rapid modulation of intracellular osmolarity. To investigate this, uniformly ¹³C-labeled <i>Synechococcus sp.</i> PCC 7002 were exposed to ¹²C glucosylglycerol. Following metabolite extraction, amylase treatment of methanol-insoluble polymers revealed ¹²C labeling of glycogen. Overall, our work shows that D₂O probing is a powerful method for analysis of cyanobacterial metabolism including discovery of novel metabolic processes

Extensive Turnover of Compatible Solutes in Cyanobacteria Revealed by Deuterium Oxide (D₂O) Stable Isotope Probing

Cyanobacteria are important primary producers of organic matter in diverse environments on a global scale. While mechanisms of CO₂ fixation are well understood, the distribution of the flow of fixed organic carbon within individual cells and complex microbial communities is less well characterized. To obtain a general overview of metabolism, we describe the use of deuterium oxide (D₂O) to measure deuterium incorporation into the intracellular metabolites of two physiologically diverse cyanobacteria: a terrestrial filamentous strain (<i>Microcoleus vaginatus</i> PCC 9802) and a euryhaline unicellular strain (<i>Synechococcus</i> sp. PCC 7002). D₂O was added to the growth medium during different phases of the diel cycle. Incorporation of deuterium into metabolites at nonlabile positions, an indicator of metabolite turnover, was assessed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Expectedly, large differences in turnover among metabolites were observed. Some metabolites, such as fatty acids, did not show significant turnover over 12–24 h time periods but did turn over during longer time periods. Unexpectedly, metabolites commonly regarded to act as compatible solutes, including glutamate, glucosylglycerol, and a dihexose, showed extensive turnover compared to most other metabolites already after 12 h, but only during the light phase in the cycle. The observed extensive turnover is surprising considering the conventional view on compatible solutes as biosynthetic end points given the relatively slow growth and constant osmotic conditions. This suggests the possibility of a metabolic sink for some compatible solutes (e.g., into glycogen) that allows for rapid modulation of intracellular osmolarity. To investigate this, uniformly ¹³C-labeled <i>Synechococcus sp.</i> PCC 7002 were exposed to ¹²C glucosylglycerol. Following metabolite extraction, amylase treatment of methanol-insoluble polymers revealed ¹²C labeling of glycogen. Overall, our work shows that D₂O probing is a powerful method for analysis of cyanobacterial metabolism including discovery of novel metabolic processes

Age and frailty are independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study

Introduction: Increased mortality has been demonstrated in older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the effect of frailty has been unclear. Methods: This multi-centre cohort study involved patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19, using routinely collected data. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of age, frailty and delirium on the risk of inpatient mortality, adjusting for sex, illness severity, inflammation and co-morbidities. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the impact of age, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and delirium on risk of increased care requirements on discharge, adjusting for the same variables. Results: Data from 5,711 patients from 55 hospitals in 12 countries were included (median age 74, interquartile range [IQR] 54–83; 55.2% male). The risk of death increased independently with increasing age (>80 versus 18–49: hazard ratio [HR] 3.57, confidence interval [CI] 2.54–5.02), frailty (CFS 8 versus 1–3: HR 3.03, CI 2.29–4.00) inflammation, renal disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but not delirium. Age, frailty (CFS 7 versus 1–3: odds ratio 7.00, CI 5.27–9.32), delirium, dementia and mental health diagnoses were all associated with increased risk of higher care needs on discharge. The likelihood of adverse outcomes increased across all grades of CFS from 4 to 9. Conclusion: Age and frailty are independently associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. Risk of increased care needs was also increased in survivors of COVID-19 with frailty or older age.</p